Cultural Tourism: Income Contribution of Regional Cultural Heritage Resources and Value Chain Consumption in Nigeria

DR. (MRS.) CHIGOZIE  UGOCHUKWU OKORO; ASSOC PROF. POLYCARP  A. IGBOJEKWE; DR. NSISUK HARRISON  AKPANABIA; DR. EMMANUEL  UKABUILU

doi:10.51699/ajdes.v13i.401

Authors

DR. (MRS.) CHIGOZIE UGOCHUKWU OKORO Department of Hospitality and Tourism Faculty of Management Science Imo State University Owerri
ASSOC PROF. POLYCARP A. IGBOJEKWE Department of Hospitality and Tourism Faculty of Management Science Imo State University Owerri
DR. NSISUK HARRISON AKPANABIA Department of Management Faculty of Management Science Imo State University Owerri
DR. EMMANUEL UKABUILU Department of Management Faculty of Management Science Imo State University Owerri

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51699/ajdes.v13i.401

Abstract

The study focused on determining income contribution of regional cultural heritage resources and value chain consumption in Nigeria. The objective is to find index contribution of tourist spending during cultural heritage events (i.e. cultural heritage resources and value chain consumption) on personal income of individuals in each region. Data set of 4,750 responses was subjected to simple frequency statistics and descriptive analysis. This research revealed individual region ability (capture rate) to convert cultural heritage resources or value chain to earnings. These are South East = 34.8%; South-South = 59.6%; South West = 60.68% and North Central = 58.5%. Thus for every ₦1.00 spend by individual tourist on the cultural heritage value chain in South East region adds ₦29.23 kobo to secondary effects (i.e. well-being of individuals in the region, reducing cost of more cultural heritage consumable resources production, increasing earnings etc.). For every ₦1.00 spend by individual tourist on the cultural heritage value chain in South-South region adds ₦1.97 kobo to secondary effects. For every ₦1.00 spend by individual tourist on the cultural heritage value chain in South West region adds ₦5.00 kobo to secondary effects; and for every ₦1.00 spend by individual tourist on the cultural heritage value chain in North Central region adds ₦22.17 kobo to secondary effects. The study concludes that tourists’ consumption of region-specific cultural heritage resources as well as value chain makes significant index contribution to aggregate regional tourism income generation more especially personal income. Communities therefore need to understand the relative importance of tourism to their region, including tourism’s contribution to economic activity in the area.

References

ATLAS Report (2010). Cultural Tourism Research Methods. Preston, UK: CAB International

Awodiya, M. (2016). Nigeria: How culture, tourism can boost the economy, The Guardian Newspaper, [Internet]. Retrieved from https://guardian.ng/art/ how-culture-tourism-can-boost-the-economy/

Bonet, L. (2013) Heritage tourism; In I. Rizzo & A. Mignosa (Eds.) Handbook on the economics of cultural heritage (pp. 386–401). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Borowiecki, K. J., & Castiglione, C. (2014); Cultural participation and tourism flows: An empirical investigation of Italian provinces. Tourism Economics, 20(2), 241–262.

Brida, J. G., Dalle Nogare, C., & Scuderi, R. (2016); Frequency of museum attendance: Motivation matters. Journal of Cultural Economics, 40, 261–283.

Brida, Juan Gabriel, Marta Meleddu, and Manuela Paulina. (2013) The Economic Impacts of Cultural Tourism. In The Routledge, Handbook of Cultural Tourism, ed. Melanie Smith and Greg Richards, 110– 115. New York: Routledge.

Busuioc, M. F. (2008) Strategii de dezvoltare si promovare a turismului cultural in Romania. Bucharest : Universitara Publishing House.

Cellini, R. (2011) Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang, Lin and Han, in Tourism Management, 32, 452–454.

Chowdhury, M.A.F., &Shahriar, F.M. (2012). The Impact of Tourism in a Deficit Economy: A conceptual Model of Bangladesh Perspective. Business Intelligence Journal. 5(1): 163-168.

Cuccia, T., Guccio, C., & Rizzo, I. (2016); The effects of UNESCO World Heritage List inscription on tourism destinations performance in Italian regions. Economic Modelling, 53, 494–508.

Danesi, S. (2017). The role of culture heritage in commercial development and tourism. SYMPHONYA

Dwyer, L., Gill, A., &Steetaram, N. (2012). Handbook of Research Methods in Tourism: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Edward Elgar Publishing. UK

Dwyer, Larry, Peter Forsyth, and Wayne Dwyer (2010), Tourism Economics and Policy; In

Aspects of Tourism Texts, ed. Chris Cooper, C. Michael Hall and Dallen J. Timothy. Bristol, Buffalo, Toronto: Channel View Publications.

Ezenagu N (2020) Heritage resources as a driver for cultural tourism in Nigeria, Cogent Arts & Humanities, 7:1, 1734331, DOI: 10.1080/23311983.2020.1734331

Ezenagu, N. (2017). Leadership styles in the management of Igbo cultural heritage in pre-European era. Ogirisi: A New Journal of African Studies, 13, 22–45.

Ezenagu, N. (2014). Galvanizing culture for Nigeria’s development. Agidigbo: ABUAD Journal of Humanities, 2(2), 87–96.

Ezenagu, N., & Iwuagwu, C. (2016). The role cultural resources in tourism development in Awka. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 5(2), 1–12

Farina, Elisabeth M. M. Q. & Nunes, Rubens (2003) Desempenho do agronegócio no comércio exterior e governança nos sistemas agroindustriais das carnes de suínos e das carnes bovinas. São Paulo: Pensa/USP.

Galí-Espelt, Nuria (2012) Identifying cultural tourism: A theoretical methodological proposal. Jurnal of Heritage Tourism 7 (1): 45–48

Granger, C.W.J. (1969),“Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods”, Econometrica Vol. 37, pp. 424-438.

Guccio, C., Levi Sacerdotti, S., & Rizzo, I. (2017) An empirical investigation of cultural travellers’ preferences and behaviours in a destination with mixed environmental features. In V. M. AtecaAmestoy, V. Ginsburgh, I. Mazza, J. O’Hagan, & J. Prieto-Rodriguez (Eds.), Enhancing participation in the arts in the EU challenges and methods. Heidelberg: Springer

Günlü, E., Yağcı, K., & Pırnar, I. (2013). Preserving cultural heritage and possible impacts on regional development: Case of Izmir

Hoffman, L. (2003). The marketing of diversity in the inner city: Tourism and regulation in Harlem. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27, 286-299.

Jucan, Cornel Nicolae, and Mihaela Sabina Jucan (2013) Travel and Tourism as s Driver of Economic Recovery. Procedia Economics and Finance 6: 81–88

Katircioglu, S.T. (2013). Estimating the Impact of Tourism Development on Energy Consumption: The Case of Northern Cyprus, Journal of Cyprus Studies, 17, Autumn, 1-11

Kšír, T. (2012): Atraktivita a přátelskost destinace. - Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, fakulta managementu v Jindřichově Hradci,

Lerner, M., Haber, S., (2001), “Performance factors of small tourism ventures: the interface of tourism, entrepreneurship and the environment”. Journal of Business Venturing 16, 77–100.

Li, Y., & Lo, R. L. B. (2004) Applicability of the market appeal drobusticity matrix: A

case study of heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 25(6), 789e800.

March, Roger, and Arch G. Woodside. (2007) Advancing Theory on Consumer Plans, Actions, and How Mar-keting Information Affects Both, ed. Arch G. Woodside. Vol. 1 of Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. Oxford: Elsavier.

Mathaias, A. B. & David, M. (2014) Irumgbede: An Idigenous educational institution. In Ezeweke, E. O. (Ed.) African traditional religion philosophy & sustainable Development. Jos, Fab Anieh Nig. Ltd.

McKercher, B., & Ho, P. S. (2006) Assessing the tourism potential of smaller cultural and heritage attractions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(5), 473e488.

Melstrom, R. T. (2014) Valuing historic battlefields: An application of the travel cost method to three American Civil War battlefields. Journal of Cultural Economics, 38(3), 223–236.

Mikulic, J., Kresic, D., Prebezac, D., Milicevic, K., & _Seric, M. (2016) Identifying drivers of destination attractiveness in a competitive environment: A comparison of approaches. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(2), 154e163.

Mountinho, L. (2011). Strategic Management in Tourism. CAB International Publication. Oxfordshire, UK

Nnonyelu, Au. N. (2009) Sociological Insights. Ibadan, Spectrum Books Limited.

OCDE (2009). The Impact of Culture on Tourism. Paris : OECD.

Ogundele, S. O (2000). Fundamentals of archaeology: An introduction. Ibadan, Ejimasons Nigeria Enterprises.

Ogundele, S. O. (2014) Understanding Contemporary Archaeology. Ibadan, John Archers Publishers Limited.

Okpoko, A. I. (2011) Fundamentals of museum practice. Nsukka, University of Nigeria Press Ltd.

Olukoya, O. A. (2016). World heritage sites and armed conflicts: A case of Sukur cultural landscape and boko haram insurgency in Nigeria. Conference Proceedings of the fourth International conference on Heritage Conversation and Site Management. Senftenberg: BTU COTTBUS

Patuelli, R., Mussoni, M., & Candela, G. (2013) The effects of world heritage sites on domestic tourism: A spatial interaction model for Italy. Journal of Geographical System, 15, 369–402.

Pessoa, Argentino and Silva, Mário Rui (2007), “Environment Based Innovation: Policy Questions”paper presented at the Second International Seminar on Regional Innovation Policies, Salzburg, Austria.

Pompurová, K. (2009) Teoreticko-metodologické aspekty zkúmania atraktivnosti cieľového miesta.- Ekonomická revue cestovného ruchu, roč. 41, č. 2, 2009

Sanchez Rivero, M., S_anchez Martín, J. M., & Rengifo Gallego, J. I. (2016) Methodological approach for assessing the potential of a rural tourism destination: An application in the province of Caceres (Spain). Current Issues in Tourism, 19(11),1084e 1102.

Shoval, N., & McKercher, B. (2017) Implementation of tracking technologies for temporal and spatial management of cultural destinations: Hong Kong as an example. In V. M. Ateca-Amestoy, V. Ginsburgh, I. Mazza, J. O’Hagan, & J. Prieto-Rodriguez (Eds.), Enhancing participation in the arts in the EU challenges and methods. Heidelberg: Springer

SPSS (1999) SPSS Base 10.0 Application Guide. SPSS, ChiCBBD, IL.

Tomljenovic, R. (2006) Kulturni turizam Cultural tourism. In Hrvatski turizam plavo bijelo zeleno Croatian Tourism blue white green, ed. Sanda Corak and Vesna Mikacic, 119–147. Zagreb: Institute for Tourism.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2007) Cultural tourism;Retrieved from http://portal.unesco. org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=36700 &URL_DO=DO _PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html

Voltaire, L., Le´vi, L., Alban, F., & Boncoeur, J. (2016) Valuing cultural world heritage sites: An application of the travel cost method to Mont-Saint-Michel. Applied Economics, 49(16), 1593–1605.

Wenbin Luo (2018) Evaluating Tourist Destination Performance: Expanding the Sustainability Concept. Article in MDPI Journal – Sustainability 10, 516; doi:10.3390/su10020516 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

World Tourism Organization. (2016). UNWTO tourism highlights. http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10. 18111/9789284418145

Wright, W., & Eppink, F. V. (2016) Drivers of heritage value: A meta-analysis of monetary valuation studies of cultural heritage. Ecological Economics, 130, 277–284.

Yang, C., & Lin, H. (2011) Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang, Lin and Han: Reply. Tourism Management, 32(2), 455–456.

Yang, C., Lin, H., & Han, C. (2009) Analysis of international tourist arrivals in China: The role of World Heritage Sites. Tourism Management, 31(6), 827–837.

Yeung, Y. M. E. (2012) Residents' and tourists' perceptions on the adaptation and authenticity of heritage buildings as a tourism product (Unpublished master’s thesis); The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Zieba, M. (2016) Tourism flows and the demand for regional and city theatres in Austria. Journal of Cultural Economics, 40, 191–221.